With my notebook the display is completely broken. Otherwise everything will work. Can I transfer the data somehow on another pc or something?
With which cable? Usb on usb I do not have.
You can remove the hard drive / SSD and install elsewhere or use an adapter on USB.
Yes. Hard disk installed in another PC and secure data. Or if a monitor connection exists on external hard drive.
Does not the notebook have a connection for an external monitor? Look, if available, just connect a separate Montior there, you can start working again.