My laptop only has a headphone jack?

When I connect my headset to my laptop to talk about teams, it doesn't work with the adapter because my laptop only has one connection and not a microphone and an audio connection as usual. If I connect it without the adapter, there's a menu how I want to use it with the options audio input microphone input headphones speaker output and us headset. The question now is which one should I choose so that I can hear and talk through the headphones.

If it's a headset, then you should also choose headset. Just give it a try.

A headset is usually there for both listening and speaking.
So this is what you should choose.

If the headset option is offered, your laptop also has a corresponding 4-pin socket. Accordingly, you need a headset with a 4-pin jack plug or an adapter that connects the loudspeaker plug and microphone plug of the headset to a 4-pin jack plug. And of course the Headset option must then also be selected in the menu. Otherwise the computer can't assign the additional ring on the connector as a microphone.

At the end, this 4-pin connector must always be plugged in, e.g. With this adapter:

(Source: https://www.reichelt.de/de/de/headset-adapter-3-5-mm-klinkenstecker-auf-2x-kupplung-0-12-m-delock-65344-p162428.html?PROVID=2788&&r=1)

Does your laptop possibly have an integrated microphone and therefore only a headphone jack? At least that's the case with mine. Can connect headphones, but they don't need a microphone because it's built into my laptop.

There are also headsets with a USB connection, so this problem can be avoided.