I have a new I phone and everything fits with the Apple ID, I just don't have a device on which I can get the confirmation code. When I try to enter the cloud on my laptop, I need this confirmation code again.
Do you have the same phone number? Usually there's the possibility to indicate that you currently have no access to the device and then you will receive the code via SMS.
Can't you send the code to your phone via SMS?
or type in the recovery code (starts with RK…)?
https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/272665/two-factor-authentication-closed-loop-devices-cant-approve-each-other
I kiss your heart
On your iPhone, go to your AppleID in the settings, then to Password and Security and enter "trustworthy NO." the phone number you are now using for the iPhone. Then you will always receive the code on your iPhone via SMS.