How can I claim my laptop, which has Polish sales tax (23%), on the input tax deduction in the German company?

I ordered a laptop from my German company, but had it delivered to a Polish address in Poland, as I was there on vacation from time to time. Now there's 23% sales tax on the laptop and I can put the invoice in the accounting, but I can't claim the tax when deducting input tax. What options do I have for the product to be provided with German sales tax so that I can post in the accounting and thus also claim tax on input tax deduction?

No chance. You can't offset a tax that has been paid to the Polish tax authorities against German taxes.

Is there perhaps a possibility to sell the product net to "Germany" through customs or similar bodies and then have the German VAT calculated?

The computer doesn't even seem to have crossed the line. If you have a permanent establishment in Poland, you may be able to claim the tax on your Polish tax return.