I tried to find something about it on the Internet and unfortunately couldn't find anything.
Do other participants see or have access to my photos, files, notes etc on my laptop when I share my screen to view a presentation?
No - only what is currently visible on your screen.
No, they don't have access to your files.
They only see what you see on your screen.
If you share your screen, the conference participants can see exactly what you see. So if you are on your desktop and photos are stored there, the other participants can also see them. However, they will not have any access to your computer unless you give it to them.