So the situation is as follows: we have 8 computers in the store and I have already installed Windows Server 2019 on my laptop in VMWare, which is also connected to the network. I have set up both "Active Directory Domain Service" and "DNS Server" (hopefully correct). With "System properties" on the computers, however, no "Domain:" can be entered.
QUESTION: is it even possible to manage a network with a Windows server installed on VM?
You probably have. A Tutotial Link (For Dummies.)? Or a hint
// Please assume I'm trying to do something like this for the first time and scoffing doesn't make a god out of anyone
First of all. Someone who first needs a tutorial ("For Dummies") should not operate a server himself, especially not in a professional environment such as a shop or a company and that has nothing to do with scoffing, but is simply an incalculable risk.
Yes you can operate a server in a virtual environment like VMWare.
Doing this productively on a laptop definitely doesn't make sense.
How should this ensure data security?
I now only see a bit of sense for 8 computers to run a complete Active Directory, I'm not talking about the license costs.
What should be achieved with this setup?
It's about a central file server: Buy a NAS with a RAID.
It's about shared Internet access: Any 08/15 router with a switch behind it (which you anyway need anyway)
Should everyone be able to log on to each computer or does everyone have their own work equipment anyway?