Can I charge my laptop with each power supply?

I have a laptop that is loaded via USB-C (Thunderbolt 3).

Can I supply it with any charging adapter, e.g. From the cell phone without hesitation?

The charging cable of my smartphone has about 10W and the charging cable of the laptop 65W.

No, in the stupidest case you destroy something.

I'll take your phone with 5 / 9V and your laptop with 19V.

If so, it becomes dangerous.

No, definitely not.

The power supply must meet the minimum number of amps your laptop needs if your laptop requires more power, otherwise it will either burn your power supply or short out. Higher current (amperes) of the power supply does not matter.

Voltage (volts) must match exactly.

Too bad that the old light bulbs are gone, you could have tried to turn a 100 watt bulb into a 25 watt version. 😈

Answer: No, of course not.
Your power supply must at least bring power that pulls the laptop. Otherwise, in the worst case, your power supply is roasted - in the best case, your laptop sehr slowly or not at all, if the laptop notices that he max. 10 watts may pull. (I suppose I do the roasting!)

There are various voltage and current ranges on it, e.g. 20V at 3.25A. However, even 5V / 9V / 15V (3A), so my confusion.

Since my power supply of my smartphone synonymous 5V / 9V covers and at "fast charging" with at least 2A (5V) loads.

Have tried that schonmal, in the company we also have laptops are loaded via Thunderbolt, with a 65 watt power supply, there was nothing at all if I have connected the mobile phone power supply. Nothing roasted, still works flawlessly.

Then either the power supply was smart, that it turned off automatically or the laptop, because this has interrupted the charging process.
If you assume that this works like this - but I would not put my hand into the fire, which arises in the absence of these security features.

You can expect something like that at a fancy Thinkpad.

Regarding the "expectation" ago I give you completely right.
My experience in IT, however, is that you can't get very far with expectations (unfortunately!)