I bought a film on my iPhone via the iTunes Store that I can watch in the Apple TV app. However, I didn't download it to my phone due to lack of storage space. How can I watch it on my MacBook? Shouldn't you somehow log into Apple TV on your laptop and be able to access the film?
If it is in the cloud you have to log into the same Apple ID.
Once you've bought a movie, it's linked to your Apple ID and you can play it on any device with iTunes or the Apple TV app.
On the Mac, the same Apple ID must be registered as on your iPhone. The purchased film should be displayed in the Apple TV app on your Mac via the media library.
You can then either stream or download the film.
Hope that helps