Read out defective notebook hard drive?

I would like to read the defective hard drive of my notebook to see if I can save some more data. I have expanded and tried to install it in my PC, but if I want to restart my PC, it remains in an infinite loop as long as the hard drive is connected. So I got an adapter to connect the internal disk via USB to my computer. At first it does not recognize but after some time I get a beep that something was detected and shortly thereafter, my PC hangs up again. As soon as I pull the hard drive out of the socket, the system continues to run normally. What can I do so that this no longer happens and the PC recognizes the hard drive as normal or I can read it out if necessary?

You will not be lucky. What else I would do:

Install the hard disk in the PC, but make sure in the BIOS that is booted from the old disk. In safe mode, no program will start to get the idea to access the broken disk. Then with Recuva try to save what can be saved.

Apart from that, you need a professional data rescuer, but that quickly costs several hundred euro.

The plate is then really gone.
You can try it under a Linux system with a lot of patience!

If that does not work, then it's just a pro on it, which fixes the hard drive temporarily so that it runs again. Cost point would be 3 to 4-digit and you would not only get a new hard drive, but equal to a whole NAS system with 2 hard drives in the Raid 1 so that you can properly secure your data.

In the case it probably means "no backup, no pity".

Okay, then I will try this, otherwise it is probably hopeless. But why exactly does this disk cause my PC to hang up as soon as it is connected?

Maybe a short circuit on the board, but I do not know exactly.

Does not sound good, although the idea with the adapter was already good.

I would try it with a linux live system, preferably one containing the program "testdisk", here is a list:

https://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk_Livecd_DE

But beware, with testdisk you can erase data irretrievably. So you should stake out the intact hard disk beforehand, so that you do not erase them insignificantly.

I would tend to Knoppix, or to the not mentioned here "Rescatux"