Used hard drive in other laptop?

My brother got a pc a few days ago for his birthday, with which he could replace his laptop. Since the gift was from my other brother, he considered that he has a hard drive in the laptop and therefore does not have to buy a new one. So he simply installed the hard drive of his laptop in the PC. Now I got his laptop without a hard drive and I happen to have an old hard drive from my old laptop lying around, which I installed in this laptop.
Now it is like this: The laptop is from Acer and my old hard drive was in a Sony Vaio model. When I switch on the Acer laptop with the hard drive from the Sony laptop, it not only contains all my data, but also problems that I had on my old laptop. For example, the Wi-Fi doesn't work and there are other things that just don't fit on the hard drive.

Question: What can I do so that the hard drive "adapts" to the Acer laptop without deleting Windows?
Unfortunately I do not have a Win Installation CD or a USB stick that is large enough for the Win 10 installation medium.

What are my options and what are the consequences?

Windows has the "Restore" function. Reset this PC, this should also work without a Win CD / stick. Or maybe do a WIN update, event. If drivers are not installed, event. Check the device manager and install the driver

There are no ways to "not delete Windows". Windows is installed on the hard disk. Has your Windows error and you put the hard drive in a new PC, you have the same problems there. The WLAN problem could also be due to other hardware parts.

Conclusion: If you have viruses or other software problems, these will also be retained when you replace the hard drive. Then usually only a formatting + new setup of Windows helps.

Refresh Windows is probably the only thing you have left. However, I strongly advise you to completely rebuild Windows. You will be able to find a suitable USB stick somewhere.